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Marian Vayreda i Vila〔not to be confused with Maria Vayreda i Trullol, also a Catalan writer, granddaughter of his brother〕 was a Carlist soldier and activist, a painter and a Catalan writer. He is recognized as key representative of Catalan cultural renaissance of the late 19th century. He is particularly acknowledged for his 1904 novel, ''La Punyalada'', declared one of the best Catalan literary works of all time. Politically Vayreda is considered a typical case of an identity located in-between Carlism and emerging Spain's peripheral nationalisms. ==Family and youth== Marian〔there is some confusion as to spelling of Vayreda's first name. His novels when published were attributed to "Marian", compare the original cover of ''La Punyalada'', available (here ); this is probably how he preferred to refer to himself. Contemporary press (be it in Spanish or in Catalan) unanimously referred to him as "Mariano", compare ''La Ilustración española y americana'' 30.06.84, available (here ) or ''La Veu del Montserrat'' 19.03.83, available (here ) or ''La Ilustración Artistica'' 18.07.98, available (here ). Later Catalan publications repeated the "Marian" spelling, see ''El Dever'' 27.06.36, available (here ), retained also in Spanish-language publications of Francoism, compare ''¡Arriba España!'' 12.12.53, available (here ). Present-day Catalan publications adhere mostly to the "Marià" spelling, though there are exceptions, compare Francesc Serés, ''L’Escola d’Olot, apunts per a una estética'', () ''Revista del Girona'' 7/8 (2006). According to current Catalan orthography rules, both "Marià" and "Marian" are correct, see Maria Dasca Batalla, ''L’efeméride efimera. L’any Mariá Vayreda (2003)'', () ''Anuari Verdaguer'' 12 (2004), p. 232〕 Francesc Bartomeu Vayreda i Vila〔''Mariano Vayreda i Vila'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 04.11.67, available (here )〕 was descendant to noble Catalan families. His paternal ancestors were related to the Alt Garrotxa town of Olot. During the legitimist siege in course of the First Carlist War the family house was set ablaze, which forced Marian’s grandfather Francesc to move to Girona.〔''Joaquim Vayreda i Vila'', () ''El punt avui'' 22.10.09, available (here )〕 It is there that his son and Marian’s father, Francesc Vayreda i Busquets (1814-1870),〔in 1835 he was 21, see ''Joaquim Vayreda i Vila'', () ''El punt avui'' 22.10.09; he died when Marian was 21, Joan Requesens i Pique, ''La muntanya, un concepte de partia en la Renaixença'', () ''Annuari Verdaguer'' 1988, p. 84〕 fell in love with Maria Rosa Vila i Galí (1817-?).〔Ignasi Terradas Saborit, ''El cavaller de Vidrà: de l'ordre i el desordre conservadors a la muntanya catalana'', Montserrat 2000, ISBN 8472028569. p. 88〕 She was descendant to a far more prestigious local Vila Cavaller family,〔Terradas Saborit 2000, p. 91〕 holding a number of estates and owning Cavaller de Vidrà, an iconic Catalan mansion.〔Terradas Saborit 2000, p. 12; the Vila and Cavaller families were noted in early medieval documents; the estate passed from Cavaller to Vila family in 1640, Terradas Saborit 2000, pp. 35-36〕 The couple married in 1840 and in 1844 they settled in the reconstructed family house in Olot.〔''Joaquim Vayreda i Vila'', () ''El punt avui'' 22.10.09〕 Francesc’s maternal uncle was municipal military commander and Francesc possibly took part in activities against the local trabucaires.〔the area was terrorised by bandits, named bandoleros or trabucaires, Joan Pagés i Pons, ''Les Preses en el període entre la primera i la darrera carlinada, 1840-1872'', () ''Annals del Patronat d'Estudis Històrics d'Olot i Comarca'' 1989, pp 135-146. The maternal uncle of Marian’s father, Llorenç de Trinxerua, was comandant d’armes of Olot〕 He inherited estates co-possessed with his relatives〔Pagés i Pons 1989, p. 147〕 and is referred to as "propietario rentista".〔Edgar Illas, ''Mariá Veyreda: el carlismo reciclado y el inconsciente catalán'', () ''Res publica'' 12-13 (2004), p. 89〕 As the two families maintained good relations, Francesc temporarily administered Porqueres holdings of his junior Vila nephews〔Terradas Saborit 2000, p. 88〕 and the Vila family periodically managed the Vayreda estates.〔Terradas Saborit 2000, pp. 173-4〕 Francesc and Maria Rosa had 6 children, three of them becoming recognized figures. Apart from Marian, Joaquím (1843-1894) made his name as a painter and Estanislau (1848-1901) as a botanic.〔''D. Mariano Vayreda Vila - Bio-bibliografía esquemática'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 12.12.53〕 As a child Marían spent much of his time at the Cavaller de Vidrà estate,〔its rituals and surroundings hugely contributed to formation of the future artist, Terradas Saborit 2000, p. 388〕 later frequenting the Olot Padres Escolapios college;〔''Mariano Vayreda i Vila'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 04.11.67,〕 following bachillerato he intended to study law in Barcelona.〔''L’auca d’en Vayreda'' () ''La paret de les auques'' service, available (here )〕 The advent of Glorious Revolution of 1868 changed these plans and Marían settled for studying art in l'Escola de Dibuix d'Olot.〔''Marian Vayreda. Biografia'' () ''Accociació d’escriptors en llengua catalana'' service, available (here )〕 Around 1870〔some sources claim that he enlisted as early as 1868, ''Mariano Vayreda i Vila'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 4.11.67〕 he joined the Carlist conspiracy〔"the ideas were exalted and and the faith was alive" – recollected he later, quoted after Requesens i Pique 1988, p. 233〕 and at the outbreak of the Third Carlist War he entered the legitimist troops.〔''Marian Vayreda'' () ''Llegir en catala'' service, available (here )〕 His exact war record is not clear. Most sources agree he remained on the Catalan Front; some claim he formed part of General Staff of Francesc Savalls,〔''Mariano Vayreda i Vila'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 04.11.67〕 not unlikely as his headquarters was in Cavaller de Vidrà.〔''L’auca d’en Vayreda'', () ''La paret de les auques'' service〕 Other sources note that Vayreda took part in combat, especially in the battles of d’Argelaguer and Prats de Lluçanés, and was wounded in action.〔''L’Avenç'' 287-291 (2004), p. 151〕 Shortly before defeat〔exact date unclear, probably in the fall of 1875〕 and disguised as a peasant he made it to France.〔via Sant Quirze de Besora, Barcelona, Rosellón〕 After a brief period in Séte〔his older brother and Josep Berga i Boix ran a workshop in Sete, ''Mariano Vayreda i Vila'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 04.11.67〕 Vayreda studied painting in Paris, for 2 years frequenting the classes of Jean-Léon Gérôme.〔''Marian Vayreda. Biografia'' () ''Accociació d’escriptors en llengua catalana'' service〕 Following the amnesty he returned to Spain and went on with art studies in l'Escola de Belles Arts in Barcelona. In 1878 he settled back in Olot, co-founding〔jointly with his brother and Josep Berga i Boix〕 El Arte Cristiano, a commercially successful workshop producing religious imagery.〔Vayreda later grew to manager of the company. Comfortable in all the spheres, religious, business, labour and artistic, and was contributed to expansion of the company. It focused on sculptures; the first were unique, one-off pieces, most likely made out of clay. Later the workshop started to use cardboard wood, a material that would revolutionise production. Gradually El Arte Cristiano solidified its prestige all over the world, and for twenty years it was the ground-breaking and only religious imagery workshop in Olot, compare Museu del Sants d’Olot service, available (here )〕 In 1883 Vayreda married a geronina,〔''La Vanguardia'' 13.07.28, available (here )〕 Pilar Auler Soler (1871-1928).〔''El Deber'' 14.07.28, available (here )〕 The couple remained in the multi-family house in Olot;〔in the building hosting also the manufacture and currently serving as Museum of Saints〕 in his mature years Vayreda was referred to as patricio, gran señor, a formal and serious man.〔''D. Mariano Vayreda Vila - Bio-bibliografía esquemática'' () ''¡Arriba España!'' 12.12.53, Rafael Torrent, ''El pintor costumbrista'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 12.12.53, Eduardo Cuellas Bassols, ''"Records de la darrera carlinada", de Marian Vayreda'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 06.09.52, available (here )〕 Marian and Pilar had 7 children.〔Marian Vayreda Vila (Olot, 1853 - 1903), () Museu del Sants d’Olot service, ''Mariano Vayreda i Vila'', () ''¡Arriba España!'' 04.11.67〕 The best known of them, Joaquím,〔born 1890, died 1969, see ''La Vanguardia'' 03.01.69, available (here )〕 was a Traditionalist writer,〔see ''Vayreda i Aulet, Joaquim'' entry () ''Biblioteca de Catalunya'' service, available (here ); his dramas were played in Catalan theatres in the 1920s, see ''La Vanguardia'' 26.06.21, available (here )〕 journalist〔he headed the ''Tradició Catalana'' periodical, ''La Tradició Catalana'' 01.02.19, available (here )〕 and local councilor〔in the 1920s, ''La Vanguardia'' 01.04.1930, available (here )〕 though he made his name mostly as an art critic;〔Enric Jardí, ''1000 famílies catalanes: la cultura'', Barcelona 1977, p. 74〕 also other children were active in Traditionalism.〔Luis Vayreda i Aulet was detained by the police in 1913, ''La Vanguardia'' 22.11.13, available (here ); Concepción Vayreda i Aulet (1897-1981, see ''La Vanguardia'' 14.06.81, available (here )) was active in Patronato de Obreros in 1932, ''La Vanguardia'' 09.06.32, available (here ). Maria de los Dolores Vayreda i Aulet died young in 1928, ''La Vanguardia'' 03.04.28, available (here ), which might have contributed to the death of her mother 3 monthts later. Nothing is known of Eugenio Vayreda i Aulet (1894-1964), ''¡Arriba España!'' 15.02.64, available (here )〕 His grandson tried his hand in painting.〔''¡Arriba España!'' 25.11.67, available (here )〕 Montserrat Vayreda is granddaughter of his brother.〔in her poem "Vayredas" the strophe dedicated to Marian reads: "I Marià, glossà la Carlinada / amb records vívids. En La Punyalada / la ploma manejà com un pinzell", quoted after Montserrat Vayreda, ''La nissaga dels Vayreda'', () ''Revista de Girona'' 166 (1994), p. 94〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marian Vayreda i Vila」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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